Nanozymes as next-generation ROS scavengers: design strategies, catalytic mechanisms, and therapeutic frontiers

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in human physiology, acting as essential signaling molecules at physiological levels while driving oxidative damage and disease pathogenesis when overproduced. This review systematically examines the molecular mechanisms of ROS-induced tissue injury and the evolution of antioxidant materials. Conventional antioxidants and emerging nano-antioxidants are discussed here, with particular focus on nanozyme-engineered nanomaterials mimicking natural enzyme activities. This article details design strategies for metal-based, carbonaceous, and polymeric nanozymes, their catalytic ROS scavenging mechanisms (including superoxide dismutase-, catalase-, and peroxidase-like activities), and therapeutic applications in inflammatory diseases, organ protection, and chronic disorders. Through a comparative analysis of material performance and biological effects, we highlight the advantages of nanozymes in terms of stability, multifunctionality, and targeted delivery. Current challenges regarding biocompatibility optimization, in vivo fate prediction, and clinical translation are critically discussed. This work provides strategic insights for developing next-generation antioxidant nanomaterials with enhanced therapeutic precision and safety profiles.