Recent advances in biohybrid membranes for water treatment: preparation strategies, nano-hybridization, bioinspired functionalization, applications, and sustainability analysis

Abstract

Biohybrid membranes, combining biological components with synthetic polymers, have emerged as innovative platforms for advanced water treatment, offering unique advantages in selectivity, catalytic activity, and environmental compatibility. However, existing reviews often lack a systematic comparison of preparation strategies and fail to fully explore the synergy between biological and synthetic elements. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent developments in biohybrid membrane fabrication, with a particular focus on nano-hybridization techniques and bioinspired functionalization. Key preparation methods—such as vacuum filtration, sol–gel processing, layer-by-layer assembly, and phase inversion—are critically analyzed in terms of their ability to tune membrane structure and performance. A core novelty of this work is the integrated perspective on how nanoscale engineering and biological functionality jointly enable multifunctionality, including pollutant degradation, selective separation, and antifouling. In contrast to previous reviews, this article emphasizes both structural design and environmental implications, offering insights across materials, functions, and sustainability. Importantly, we highlight the significant potential of biohybrid membranes as next-generation green technologies that align with the goals of low-carbon, resource-efficient, and sustainable water purification.