Combined interactions and ecotoxicological effects of micro/nanoplastics and organic pollutants in soil–plant systems: a critical overview

Abstract

Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) are widespread and developing environmental pollutants that can interact synergistically with organic pollutants (OPs) in terrestrial ecosystems, posing potential threats to the soil–plant ecosystem. This comprehensive review delves into the profound understanding of interactions between MNPs and OPs in the soil–plant system and their integrated impact on the soil–plant environment. The mechanisms of adsorption between OPs and MNPs primarily include hydrophobic interactions, π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, pore filling, electrostatic forces, and van der Waals forces. Critical parameters influencing the adsorption behavior of MNPs to OPs encompass the physicochemical properties of the MNPs, the features of the OPs, and the inherent properties of the soil–plant system. The synergistic effects of MNPs and OPs may alter harmful impacts on the soil–plant system by influencing plant growth and development, physiological responses, and photosynthesis. Implementing source control measures, conducting in-depth technical analyses, and enforcing policy implementation are crucial steps towards preventing MNPs and OPs contamination in soil–plant systems. This study provides a basis for evaluating the possible threats posed by the co-occurrence of MNPs and OPs, providing valuable insights into their implications for organisms ranging from humans to entire ecosystems.