Polyphenolic Nanomaterials Ameliorated Salmonellosis Therapy via barrier restoration and microbiota regulation

Abstract

Bacterial-induced salmonellosis poses a significant threat to patient health, yet conventional oral antibiotics, while effective in eliminating pathogens, can compromise intestinal barrier integrity and disturb gut microbial balance. In response, a natural tannic acid-based nanomaterial combined with ciprofloxacin (CIP) have developed via a sustainable synthesis approach that harnesses condensation reactions and supramolecular interactions under mild and eco-friendly conditions. This green chemistry-inspired methodology minimizes the use of hazardous reagents and waste generation. The resultant submicron nanomaterial not only effectively inhibits pathogen proliferation but also modulates oxidative stress and inflammation at the infection site due to the introduction of polyphenolic blocks. Notably, compared to CIP alone, it significantly reinforces tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium, promotes restoration of the gut barrier, and enhances the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota, thereby facilitating intestinal recovery. This innovative strategy demonstrates integrating natural bioactive molecules with green synthetic processes can improve therapeutic outcomes while reducing adverse effects.