Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction: Mechanisms, System-Level Optimization, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) stands out as a promising approach for ammonia (NH3) synthesis, boasting substantial environmental benefits over the traditional Haber-Bosch process. However, eNRR still encounters fundamental constraints and persistent technical barriers that hinder its potential to supplant the Haber-Bosch process in industrial NH3 production. This technological gap necessitates holistic system optimization to bridge the performance disparities. This review systematically examines current advancements in eNRR, beginning with an analysis of fundamental mechanistic principles. We subsequently summarize the multi-faceted optimization framework encompassing reactor configuration engineering, rational catalyst design through advanced material engineering strategies, implementation of standardized NH3 quantification protocols, and integration of advanced characterization methodologies. Such synergistic optimizations aim to simultaneously enhance catalytic efficiency, operational durability, and energy conversion effectiveness in NH3 generation, ultimately facilitating the technological maturation of eNRR systems under realistic production conditions.