Graphene-based antibiotic electrochemical sensors: Sensing theories, synthetic methods, and on-site monitoring applications

Abstract

Owing to the extensive usage of antibiotics for infectious diseases treatment in livestock and humans, the residual antibiotics are placing a burden to the ecosystem and human health. For human health and ecological safety, it is critical to determine the residual antibiotics in accuracy and convenience. Graphene-based electrochemical sensors are an effective tool to detect residual antibiotics with high sensitivity, simplicity, and time efficiency. In this work, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in graphene-based antibiotic electrochemical sensors, including modifiers for electrode fabrication, theoretical elaboration of electrochemical sensing mechanisms, and practical applications of portable electrochemical platforms for on-site monitoring antibiotics. It is anticipated that the current review will be a valuable reference for comprehensively comprehending graphene-based electrochemical sensors, and further promoting their utilizations in the fields of medical healthcare, environmental protection, and food safety.