UV-assisted synthesis of hydroxyapatite from eggshells at ambient temperature: cytotoxicity, drug delivery and bioactivity

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite [Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂], an important biomaterial, retains a chemical structure that is similar to the mineral phase of bone. Consequently, the ability of hydroxyapatite (Hap) to augment bone growth within bone tissue has made it a potential candidate for use as a hard tissue-implant material. In this work, adopting a UV-mediated solid-state method for the first time, hydroxyapatite was synthesized from eggshells and no thermal treatment was used but ambient temperature was maintained. This simple synthesis process involved a combination of ball milling of the starting materials followed by UV-irradiation. UV-excitation of the Ca and P precursors resulted in the desired Hap and X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques were used for characterization. The potency of UV-Hap as a biomaterial was examined via the bioactivity, cytotoxicity and the drug (ciprofloxacin) loading–releasing response, which was encouraging. The results of the cell viability assays complied an insignificant cytotoxicity and the simulated body fluid immersion test indicated the bioactivity was within the acceptable range. On the other hand, to better understanding the drug ejection and associated transport phenomenon, two kinetic models (Higuchi and Ritger–Peppas models) were used and a diffusion controlled ciprofloxacin release mechanism was observed using the Higuchi model. However, the experimental outcomes of a drug delivery response exposed UV-Hap as a favorable vehicle for drug loading and release. Hence, this research highlights the prospects of a UV-assisted synthesis method as a green route for the synthesis of Hap to be applied in biomedical fields.