Advances in SnO2-based perovskite solar cells: from preparation to photovoltaic applications

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently demonstrated a rapid power conversion efficiency of above 25%. In terms of physical properties, SnO₂ is similar to TiO₂ but with stronger charge extraction at the interface. Furthermore, the SnO₂ electron transporting layer (ETL) is prepared using new, simple, and efficient methods, resulting in high-performance PSCs. This review initially described recent progress in SnO₂ nanostructures and preparation methods. The passivation options were then divided into elemental doping, bilayer alterations, and interfacial modifications. Finally, we discussed the challenges and limitations of SnO₂ ETL-based PSCs and made recommendations for further research.