Issue 14, 2024

Participation of electrochemically inserted protons in the hydrogen evolution reaction on tungsten oxides

Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms by which electrodes undergo the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is necessary to design better materials for aqueous energy storage and conversion. Here, we investigate the HER mechanism on tungsten oxide electrodes, which are stable in acidic electrolytes and can undergo proton-insertion coupled electron transfer concomitant with the HER. Electrochemical characterization showed that anhydrous and hydrated tungsten oxides undergo changes in HER activity coincident with changes in proton composition, with activity in the order HxWO3·H2O > HxWO3 > HxWO3·2H2O. We used operando X-ray diffraction and density functional theory to understand the structural and electronic changes in the materials at high states of proton insertion, when the oxides are most active towards the HER. H0.69WO3·H2O and H0.65WO3 have similar proton composition, structural symmetry, and electronic properties at the onset of the HER, yet exhibit different activity. We hypothesize that the electrochemically inserted protons can diffuse in hydrogen bronzes and participate in the HER. This would render the oxide volume, and not just the surface, as a proton and electron reservoir at high overpotentials. HER activity is highest in HxWO3·H2O, which optimizes both the degree of proton insertion and solid-state proton transport kinetics. Our results highlight the interplay between the HER and proton insertion-coupled electron transfer on transition metal oxides, many of which are non-blocking electrodes towards protons.

Graphical abstract: Participation of electrochemically inserted protons in the hydrogen evolution reaction on tungsten oxides

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Edge Article
Submitted
06 yan 2024
Accepted
07 mar 2024
First published
14 mar 2024
This article is Open Access

All publication charges for this article have been paid for by the Royal Society of Chemistry
Creative Commons BY-NC license

Chem. Sci., 2024,15, 5385-5402

Participation of electrochemically inserted protons in the hydrogen evolution reaction on tungsten oxides

M. A. Spencer, N. P. Holzapfel, K. You, G. Mpourmpakis and V. Augustyn, Chem. Sci., 2024, 15, 5385 DOI: 10.1039/D4SC00102H

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