Recent advances in graphitic carbon nitride as a catalyst for heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions

Abstract

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), an appealing metal-free polymer, has featured in extensive research in heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions owing to its advantages of stable chemical and thermal properties, ease of structural regulation and unique redox ability. However, there are still some gaps in the understanding of the mechanism and fate of g-C₃N₄ and its derivatives in heterogeneous Fenton reaction degradation of contaminants. This paper gives systematic emphasis to the development and progress of g-C₃N₄ and its composites as catalysts in heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions. The main synthesis strategies of g-C₃N₄ composites are discussed, including calcination, hydrothermal method and self-assembly method. Then, the key catalytic properties of g-C₃N₄ in Fenton-like applications, including anchoring nanoparticles, increasing specific surface area and exposed active surface sites, as well as regulating charge transfer reactions, are highlighted. Special emphasis is placed on its multifunctional role in heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions and the mechanisms involved in the activation of hydrogen peroxide, persulfates, and photocatalytic activation of persulfate. Lastly, the existing challenges and possible development direction of g-C₃N₄-coupling Fenton reactions are proposed. It is believed that this paper will bring useful information for the development of graphitic carbon nitride in both laboratory studies and practical applications.