Recent Progress in Alkali Metal (Li/Na/K) Hybrid-Ion Batteries: Pioneering the Future of Energy Storage

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become the cornerstone technology in the energy storage realm owing to the high energy density, low self-discharge, high power density and high charge efficiency. Nonetheless, their larger-scale deployment is hindered by the scarcity and uneven geographic distribution of lithium resources. This limitation has catalyzed the quest for alternative chemistries, such as those based on sodium and potassium, elements that are more abundant and economically accessible. Despite the promise of these alternatives, they have yet to match the performance benchmarks set by LIBs. In this context, utilizing mixed alkali ions with different intrinsic properties to build alkali metal (Li/Na/K) hybrid-ion batteries (AHIBs) offers an opportunity to manipulate the battery chemistry and thus the electrochemical performance. The AHIBs are demonstrated to address safety concerns by preventing dendrite growth and improve thermodynamics and kinetics of the electrochemical reaction, offering a balance of high energy density, power density, enhanced safety, and cost-effectiveness. This review aims to summarize the research progresses and milestones in the AHIBs field and outline the challenges and the proposed solutions, including the working mechanisms, the design and evolution of hybrid electrolytes, and the innovation of electrode materials, which are crucial in enhancing the efficiency of these batteries. The insights presented are intended to drive further advancements in this rapidly developing field.