β-Cyclodextrin modified graphitic carbon nitride for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solution: experimental and theoretical calculation study

Yidong Zou; Xiangxue Wang; Yuejie Ai; Yunhai Liu; Yongfei Ji; Hongqing Wang; Tasawar Hayat; Ahmed Alsaedi; Wenping Hu; Xiangke Wang

doi:10.1039/C6TA05958A

β-Cyclodextrin modified graphitic carbon nitride for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solution: experimental and theoretical calculation study†

Yidong Zou,^ab Xiangxue Wang,^ac Yuejie Ai,*^a Yunhai Liu,^b Yongfei Ji,^d Hongqing Wang,^e Tasawar Hayat,^f Ahmed Alsaedi,^f Wenping Hu*^g and Xiangke Wang*^ade

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* Corresponding authors

^a School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
E-mail: xkwang@ipp.ac.cn, xkwang@ncepu.edu.cn, aiyuejie314@126.com
Fax: +86-10-61772890
Tel: +86-10-61772890

^b School of Chemistry, Biological and Materials Sciences, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, P. R. China

^c Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China

^d Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 15, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden

^e School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, 28 Changsheng West Road, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China

^f NAAM Research Group, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

^g Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
E-mail: huwp@iccas.ac.cn

Abstract

A novel β-cyclodextrin modified, multifunctional, layer-by-layer graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄/β-CD) was successfully synthesized and applied as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methyl orange (MO) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions under various environmental conditions (e.g., solution pH, solid content, contact time and temperature). The kinetic results indicated that the adsorption was dominated by chemisorption, and the higher adsorption capacity of g-C₃N₄/β-CD was attributed to it having more oxygen-containing functional groups than g-C₃N₄. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips models were applied to simulate the adsorption isotherms of MO and Pb(II), and the results demonstrated that the adsorption of MO was attributed to multilayer adsorption, while the coverage adsorption of Pb(II) on the g-C₃N₄/β-CD was monolayer adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of both MO and Pb(II) was spontaneous and endothermic. The DFT calculations further evidenced the surface complexation and electrostatic interaction of Pb(II) on the g-C₃N₄ and g-C₃N₄/β-CD, whereas, the interaction of MO with g-C₃N₄ and g-C₃N₄/β-CD was mainly attributed to hydrogen bonds and strong π–π interactions. The results demonstrated that g-C₃N₄/β-CD is a promising material for the efficient removal of organic and inorganic pollutants in environmental pollution remediation.

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

β-Cyclodextrin modified graphitic carbon nitride for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solution: experimental and theoretical calculation study†

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β-Cyclodextrin modified graphitic carbon nitride for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solution: experimental and theoretical calculation study

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