* Corresponding authors

^a Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, USA
E-mail: keller@bren.ucsb.edu
Fax: +1 805 893 7612
Tel: +1 805 893 7548

^b Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA

^c Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA

^d Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA

^e University of California, Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Santa Barbara, California, USA