* Corresponding authors

^a Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
E-mail: dhha@kriss.re.kr

^b Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea

^c Center for Neuromorphic Engineering, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea

^d Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea

^e Department of Nano-Semiconductor Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, South Korea
E-mail: snyi@kmou.ac.kr

^f Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea

^g Division of Electronic and Semiconductor Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea