* Corresponding authors

^a Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
E-mail: hwjang@snu.ac.kr

^b Liquid Sunlight Alliance (LiSA), Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA

^c Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea

^d School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea

^e Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea