Mechanisms of the Knoevenagel hetero Diels–Alder sequence in multicomponent reactions to dihydropyrans: experimental and theoretical investigations into the role of water

Abstract

The role of water in a multicomponent domino reaction (MCR) involving styrene, 2,4-pentanedione, and formaldehyde was studied. Whereas anhydrous conditions produced no reaction, the MCR successfully proceeded in the presence of water, affording the targeted dihydropyran derivatives with good yield. The mechanism of this MCR (Knoevenagel hetero Diels–Alder sequence) was studied with and without explicit water molecules using the SMD continuum solvation model in combination with the B3LYP density functional and the 6-311++G** basis set to compute the water and acetone (aprotic organic solvent) solution Gibbs free energies. In the Knoevenagel step, we found that water acted as a proton relay to favor the formation of more flexible six-membered ring transition state structures both in concerted (direct H₂O elimination) and stepwise (keto-enol tautomerization and dehydration) pathways. The inclusion of a water molecule in our model resulted in a significant decrease (–8.5 kcal mol⁻¹ ΔG_water^‡) of the direct water elimination activation barrier. Owing to the presence of water, all chemical steps involved in the MCR mechanism had activation free energies barriers lower than 39 kcal mol⁻¹ at 25 °C in aqueous solvent (<21 kcal mol⁻¹ ZPE corrected electronic energies barriers). Consequently, the MCR proceeded without the assistance of any catalyst.