The promise of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as novel technology for the management of patients with diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Self-monitoring of blood glucose is the standard of care in management of hyperglycemia among patients with diabetes mellitus. To increase the sensitivity and specificity of current devices, a novel method of detecting glucose using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technology is explored. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) was fixed to gold electrodes and a sine wave of sweeping frequencies was induced using a wide range of concentrations of glucose. Each frequency in the impedance sweep was analyzed for the highest response and R-squared value. The frequency with both factors optimized is specific for the glucose–GOx binding interaction and was determined to be 1.17 kHz in purified solutions in both higher and lower ranges of glucose. The correlation between the impedance response and concentration at the low range of detection (0–100 mg dL⁻¹ of glucose) was determined to be 3.53 ohm/ln (mg dL⁻¹) with an R-squared value of 0.90 with a 39 mg dL⁻¹ lower limit of detection. The same frequency of 1.17 kHz was verified in whole blood under the same glucose range. The above data confirm that EIS offers a new method of glucose detection as an alternative to current technology in use by patients. Additionally, the unique frequency response of individual markers allows for modulation of signals so that several other markers important in the management of diabetes could be measured with a single sensor.