Na+-functionalized carbon quantum dots: a new draw solute in forward osmosis for seawater desalination†
Abstract
A new type of biocompatible draw solute, Na+-functionalized carbon quantum dots (Na_CQDs) with ultra-small size and rich ionic species, in forward osmosis (FO) is developed for seawater desalination. The aqueous dispersion of Na_CQDs demonstrates a high osmotic pressure, which allows high FO water flux and negligible reverse solute permeation.