Halogen-bonding in a new family of tris(haloanilato)metallate(iii) magnetic molecular building blocks

Abstract

Here we report on new tris(haloanilato)metallate(III) complexes with general formula [A]₃[M(X₂An)₃] (A = (n-Bu)₄N⁺, (Ph)₄P⁺; M = Cr(III), Fe(III); X₂An = 3,6-dihalo derivatives of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinone (H₄C₆O₄), chloranilate (Cl₂An²⁻), bromanilate (Br₂An²⁻) and iodanilate (I₂An²⁻)), obtained by a general synthetic strategy, and their full characterization. The crystal structures of these Fe(III) and Cr(III) haloanilate complexes consist of anions formed by homoleptic complexes formulated as [M(X₂An)₃]³⁻ and (Et)₃NH⁺, (n-Bu)₄N⁺, or (Ph₄)P⁺ cations. All complexes exhibit octahedral coordination geometry with metal ions surrounded by six oxygen atoms from three chelate ligands. These complexes are chiral according to the metal coordination of three bidentate ligands, and both Λ and Δ enantiomers are present in their crystal lattice. The packing of [(n-Bu)₄N]₃[Cr(I₂An)₃] (5a) shows that the complexes form supramolecular dimers that are held together by two symmetry related I⋯O interactions (3.092(8) Å), considerably shorter than the sum of iodine and oxygen van der Waals radii (3.50 Å). The I⋯O interaction can be regarded as a halogen bond (XB), where the iodine behaves as the XB donor and the oxygen atom as the XB acceptor. This is in agreement with the properties of the electrostatic potential for [Cr(I₂An)₃]³⁻ that predicts a negative charge accumulation on the peripheral oxygen atoms and a positive charge accumulation on the iodine. The magnetic behaviour of all complexes, except 5a, may be explained by considering a set of paramagnetic non-interacting Fe(III) or Cr(III) ions, taking into account the zero-field splitting effect. The presence of strong XB interactions in 5a are able, instead, to promote antiferromagnetic interactions among paramagnetic centers at low temperature, as shown by the fit with the Curie–Weiss law, in agreement with the formation of halogen-bonded supramolecular dimers.