Facile and efficient gold-catalyzed aerobic oxidative esterification of activated alcohols

Abstract

A facile and efficient methodology is presented for the direct oxidative esterification of alcohols with alcohols catalyzed by NaAuCl₄. Just in the presence of a low catalytic amount of base additive, the newly developed catalytic system proceeds with high selectivity and broad substrate scope under mild conditions with dioxygen or air as the environmentally benign terminal oxidant. Various alcohols including benzylic and allylic alcohols were smoothly reacted with methanol and even with long-chain aliphatic alcohols, affording the desired products in good to excellent yields (up to 95% yield). The present system showed high catalytic activity with a TOF up to 219 h⁻¹. Kinetic studies of the reaction process provide fundamental insights into the catalytic pathway, and a possible reaction pathway was proposed based on the results of the control experiments. XPS, TEM, and UV-vis were carried out to characterize the chemical state of the Au catalyst in the present catalytic system. The results indicate that the Au nanoparticles were generated in situ and supported on K₂CO₃, forming a simple, recyclable and selective catalyst system for the direct oxidative esterification of alcohols.