Transformation of rigid metal–organic frameworks into flexible gel networks and vice versa

Abstract

Understanding and controlling phase transformations is a timely subject of investigation because they are essential for the fabrication of high-performance materials with applications in energy, sensors, biomedical, and information-related technologies. Such transformations at the nanoscale arise from both diffusion kinetics and surface thermodynamics, whose reasoning represents a major intellectual challenge in multicomponent systems. In particular, the study of interconversion routes between stable and metastable states provides a useful foundation for the rational design of hard and soft materials. Here, we highlight some recent studies that have demonstrated the possibility of transforming rigid (hard) MOFs into flexible (soft) gel materials in quantitative (or nearly quantitative) yields, and vice versa albeit involving different mechanisms and starting materials. These works represent a new paradigm in the growing areas of crystal engineering and stimuli-responsive gels by building new bridges between advanced functional materials that have been traditionally studied in very different research fields.