Atomic-scale models of early-stage alkali depletion and SiO2-rich gel formation in bioactive glasses

Abstract

Molecular dynamics simulations of Na⁺/H⁺-exchanged 45S5 Bioglass® models reveal that a large fraction of the hydroxyl groups introduced into the proton-exchanged, hydrated glass structure do not initially form covalent bonds with Si and P network formers but remain free and stabilised by the modifier metal cations, whereas substantial Si–OH and P–OH bonding is observed only at higher Na⁺/H⁺ exchange levels. The strong affinity between free OH groups and modifier cations in the highly fragmented 45S5 glass structure appears to represent the main driving force for this effect. This suggests an alternative direct route for the formation of a repolymerised silica-rich gel in the early stages of the bioactive mechanism, not considered before, which does not require sequential repeated breakings of Si–O–Si bonds and silanol condensations.