Thermal and photochemical reactions of methanol on nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 thin films

Abstract

The catalytic and photo-catalytic activity of well-defined anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals for the partial oxidation of methanol was investigated using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) in ultra-high vacuum in order to determine how crystallite size and shape affect reactivity. The TiO₂ films used in this study were prepared from well-defined TiO₂ nanocrystals synthesized by colloidal methods. These nanocrystals had a truncated bi-pyramidal shape which exposes primarily (101) and to a lesser extent (001) surfaces and ranged in size from 10 to 25 nm. Two distinct regimes of reactivity were investigated, namely in the dark and under UV light illumination. In the dark, methanol adsorbed dissociatively on the (001) planes and only molecularly on the (101) surfaces. Dissociated methoxy groups on the (001) surfaces coupled to produce dimethyl ether, suggesting the presence of fourfold coordinate Ti cations. Under UV light illumination, the nanocrystals were additionally found to be active for the photo-catalytic oxidation of methanol to methyl formate. On the (101) surfaces, this reaction proceeded in a stepwise photocatalytic pathway involving dehydrogenation of methanol to form methoxy groups and then formaldehyde, followed by coupling of these latter two species to form methyl formate. The (001) surfaces were also found to be photo-catalytically active but surface methoxy groups could be produced thermally and the reaction proceeds only to formaldehyde in the absence of molecularly adsorbed methanol. The overall photocatalytic activity of the nanocrystals was also was found to increase with increasing crystallite size. The results of this study show that thin films of well-defined nanocrystals are excellent model systems that can be used to help bridge the materials gap between studies of single crystal surfaces and high surface area polycrystalline catalysts.