Interaction of copper and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol on bioremediation potential and biochemical properties in co-contaminated soil incubated with Clitocybe maxima

Abstract

The bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with heavy metal and organic pollutants has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Clitocybe maxima (C. maxima), a species of mushroom producing the ligninolytic enzyme, was introduced into this study to evaluate the interaction of copper and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) on the bioremediation potential and biochemical properties in co-contaminated soil by pot experiments. The results indicated that C. maxima could be considered as a candidate for the bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with copper and 2,4,5-TCP. Copper was accumulated in the fruiting body of C. maxima and showed a positive correlation with the initial copper concentration in the soil. A significant enhancement was found on the dissipation of 2,4,5-TCP incubated with C. maxima, and the removal ratios varied from 82.6 to 90.9% with the level of the co-contaminants, which were associated with the production of manganese peroxidase and dehydrogenase. Invertase, urease and dehydrogenase activities in rhizosphere declined, varying with the pollutants levels before the bioremediation, but recovered to a certain level after the bioremediation process, which demonstrated that the soil enzyme activity could be an accessible indicator for reflecting remediation effects.