Carbon encapsulated Fe3O4/graphene framework with oriented macropores for lithium ion battery anode with enhanced cycling stability

Abstract

Carbon encapsulated Fe₃O₄/graphene frameworks with highly oriented macroporous structures have been constructed by an ice-segregation-induced self-assembly process. Serving as the anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, the oriented macropores can reduce the polarization of electrode and the loss of capacity, and the carbon shells can effectively prevent the pulverization of Fe₃O₄ caused by the inner-plane volume expansion. C-Fe₃O₄/G with 60 wt% of Fe₃O₄ delivers a high capacity of 1065 mA h g⁻¹ at a current density of 0.2 A g⁻¹ after 200 cycles. Even at a high current density of 8 A g⁻¹, the electrode still achieves a high capacity of 470 mA h g⁻¹.