Enhancing the hydrostability and catalytic performance of metal–organic frameworks by hybridizing with attapulgite, a natural clay

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted extensive attention due to their large surface area, diverse structures, and tuneable functionality. However, the poor hydrostability of most reported MOFs hinders their practical applications severely. In this paper, we report a strategy to modulate the properties of a typical MOF, namely MOF-5 [Zn₄O(BDC)₃; BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate] by hybridizing it with a natural clay (i.e. attapulgite), for the first time. A new kind of hybrid material resulting from the hybridization of the MOF and attapulgite was thus constructed. Our results showed that the hydrostability of the MOF was apparently improved due to the hybridization with attapulgite. The frameworks of MOF-5 were degraded seriously under the humid atmosphere, while the structure of the hybrid materials could be well preserved. We also demonstrated that the hybrid materials were highly active in the heterogeneous Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzyl bromide with toluene. The conversion of benzyl bromide reached ∼100% under the reaction conditions investigated. More importantly, the catalytic stability of the hybrid materials was significantly enhanced owing to the introduction of attapulgite. The activity could be well recovered with no detectable loss, and the conversion remained at ∼100% at the sixth run, which was apparently higher than that of MOF-5 (27.7% at the sixth run). The excellent hydrostability, catalytic activity, and reusability make the present materials highly promising for utilization as heterogeneous catalysts in practical applications.