Electrochemical speciation analysis for simultaneous determination of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) using an activated glassy carbon electrode

Abstract

In this study, the enhancement of electrochemical signals of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) by using an activated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) measured by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) is demonstrated. The activated GCE exhibited higher sensitivity for detection of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compared with the bare GCE. By using the activated GCE, the limit of detection decreased 15.3 times (from 0.230 to 0.015 μM) in the case of Cr(III) determination and 75 times (from 9.000 to 0.120 μM) in the case of Cr(VI) determination. Moreover, a simultaneous speciation analysis of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) using the activated GCE was presented. Scanning electron microscopy, elemental mapping, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed for investigation of the surface of the activated GCE. Finally, the influence of different ions (Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and Cl⁻ in the form of Na₂SO₄, NaNO₃, NH₄Cl, and KCl salts) on the speciation signals of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in a mixture of the two Cr oxidation states was investigated.