Reduction and persulfate oxidation of nitro explosives in contaminated soils using Fe-bearing materials

Abstract

The oxidative and reductive transformation of nitro explosives in contaminated soils with Fe-bearing materials and persulfate (S₂O₈²⁻) was examined via batch experiments. Zero-valent cast iron [Fe(0)], steel dust from a steel manufacturing plant, and FeS rapidly reduced 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in soil under anaerobic conditions as long as a sufficient amount of water was present. The Fe-bearing materials also effectively activated persulfate to enhance the oxidative transformation of TNT and RDX in soil–water systems. Kinetically, reductive and oxidative transformations removed more than 90% of the explosives from a soil–water system within 5 h under the given conditions. Pseudo-first-order rates in the range of 0.7–23.4 h⁻¹ were observed. By increasing the concentration of persulfate or Fe-bearing materials, the oxidative transformation could be promoted. Treated soils via redox reactions using the Fe-bearing materials did not show significant toxicity, except for the case of TNT-contaminated soils oxidized by FeS-assisted persulfate. Considering the kinetics of explosive degradation and the toxicity of treated wastewaters and soils, Fe(0) or steel dust-assisted persulfate oxidation may be a safe option as an ex situ remediation process for the treatment of explosive-contaminated soils.