Breaking the symmetry of dibenzoxazines: a paradigm to tailor the design of bio-based thermosets

Abstract

With the ongoing efforts to promote the development of bio-based dibenzoxazine thermosets, we explore herein a new strategy aiming at the synthesis of asymmetric dibenzoxazine monomers from naturally occurring phenolic compounds, cardanol and vanillin. By taking advantage of the low reactivity of cardanol, a monosubstituted cardanol-based benzoxazine monomer was prepared and further coupled with vanillin to yield vanillin–cardanol di-benzoxazines. The structural features of the resulting products were substantiated by ¹H NMR and HR-MS. The occurrence of the thermally-induced ring-opening polymerization was monitored by rheological measurements and DSC. At 190 °C the new asymmetric monomers showed a moderate gelation time (8 min) compared to 30–31 min revealed for cardanol-based (di-card) dibenzoxazines. Once polymerized, they exhibited a high T_g (129 °C), while the di-card flew under heating because of its low cross-linking density. Asymmetric monomers also exhibited lower melting temperatures than their symmetrical congeners based on vanillin, which significantly enlarge the processing window between the melting and polymerization temperatures up to 126 °C instead of 7 °C for symmetric vanillin-based dibenzoxazines. Therefore, such a strategy constitutes an efficient and versatile route for an easy elaboration of biobased monocomponent thermosets and can be applied to a wide range of phenolic compounds derived from renewable resources.