Synthesis of photo-responsive azobenzene molecules with different hydrophobic chain length for controlling foam stability

Abstract

To obtain an aqueous foam photo-switch, azobenzene molecules [4-hydroxy-4′-oxoalkyl azobenzene (HC_nAzo) n = 4, 8, and 12] were synthesized. The hydrophobic chain length affected both photo-responsive properties and foam stability controllability. trans → cis isomerization of HC_nAzo occurred by exposing to UV light for 1 s and the cis → trans process for HC₄Azo, HC₈Azo and HC₁₂Azo was carried out by visible light irradiation for 12 min, 13 min and 14 min, respectively. The reversible isomerization was repeatable, maintaining high sensitivity. Due to the small steric effect and isomerization barrier, photo-isomerization of HC₄Azo was more rapid than HC₈Azo and HC₁₂Azo. With the increase of the hydrophobic chain length, the decrease of thermal isomerization barrier resulted in less cis isomer and more trans isomer in photo-stationary state via UV and visible light irradiation, respectively. The combination of visible light and heat can accelerate the cis → trans isomerization speed. trans HC₄Azo, HC₈Azo and HC₁₂Azo increased foam life from 6.67 min to 10.38, 9.91 and 7.74 min, respectively, resulting from the absorption on the air–water interface and a high affinity. cis HC₄Azo, HC₈Azo and HC₁₂Azo decreased foam life from 6.67 min to 5.12, 5.49 and 6.02 min, respectively, attributed to the interfacial desorption and increase of surface tension. HC₄Azo with sensitive photo-isomerization and effective foam stability controllability was the best choice for an aqueous foam photo-switch.