Phase separation synthesis of trinickel monophosphide porous hollow nanospheres for efficient hydrogen evolution

Abstract

A facile and scalable approach to synthesize trinickel monophosphide (Ni₃P) porous hollow nanospheres (PHNs) has been developed, the resultant Ni₃P PHNs exhibiting excellent catalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The formation of the Ni₃P PHNs correlates with phase separation during the thermal annealing of amorphous nickel–phosphorus nanospheres that affords crystalline Ni–Ni₃P nanoparticles, and the subsequent selective removal of nickel. The overpotential required for the current density of 20 mA cm⁻² is as small as 99 mV in acidic solution. The performance compares favorably with that of other metal phosphides, and is superior to that of transition metal dichalcogenides, carbides, borides, and nitrides. The faradaic efficiency of the Ni₃P PHNs is 96%, and the Ni₃P PHNs are stable during the long-term electrolysis of water. Density functional theory calculations suggest that a Ni–Ni bridge site and the sites on the top of the P atoms are the active sites during the HER. The scalable production, low cost, excellent catalytic activity, and long-term stability suggest promising application potential for Ni₃P PHNs.