Chemical instability leads to unusual chemical-potential-independent defect formation and diffusion in perovskite solar cell material CH3NH3PbI3

Abstract

Methylammonium (MA) lead triiodide (MAPbI₃) has recently emerged as a promising solar cell material. However, MAPbI₃ is known to have chemical instability, i.e., MAPbI₃ is prone to decomposition into MAI and PbI₂ even at moderate temperatures (e.g. 330 K). Here, we show that the chemical instability, as reflected by the calculated negligible enthalpy of formation of MAPbI₃ (with respect to MAI and PbI₂), has an unusual and important consequence for defect properties, i.e., defect formation energies in low-carrier-density MAPbI₃ are nearly independent of the chemical potentials of constituent elements and thus can be uniquely determined. This allows straightforward calculations of defect concentrations and the activation energy of ionic conductivity (the sum of the formation energy and the diffusion barrier of the charged mobile defect) in MAPbI₃. The calculated activation energy for ionic conductivity due to diffusion is in excellent agreement with the experimental values, which demonstrates unambiguously that is the dominant diffusing defect and is responsible for the observed ion migration and device polarization in MAPbI₃ solar cells. The calculated low formation energy of a Frenkel pair and low diffusion barriers of and suggest that the iodine ion migration and the resulting device polarization may occur even in single-crystal devices and grain-boundary-passivated polycrystalline thin film devices (which were previously suggested to be free from ion-migration-induced device polarization), leading to device degradation. However, the device polarization due to the Frenkel pair (which has a relatively low concentration) may take a long time to develop and thus may avoid the appearance of the current–voltage hysteresis at typical scan rates.