A greener alternative for inline nitrate reduction in the sequential injection determination of NOx in natural waters: replacement of cadmium reduction by UV radiation

Abstract

The use of sequential injection analysis (SIA) for key nutrient determination in water has been previously described using a copperised cadmium column to attain nitrate reduction to nitrite prior to determination, yielding hazardous waste. Here, a greener alternative is proposed for nitrate reduction using a UV lamp, aiming to avoid the use of cadmium. This method was based on the colorimetric Griess reaction for nitrite determination, after the UV reduction of nitrate. The reduction was performed inline during the determination of nitrite, minimizing both effluent production and the overall determination rate. Its application to natural waters, namely river water, proved to be effective as the results were comparable to those obtained with the reference procedure. Furthermore, certified reference samples were analysed, and an average of 3% relative deviation was observed. A limit of detection of 5.30 μM was achieved, enabling the nitrate determination in the dynamic range of 25–500 μM with a determination rate of 24 h⁻¹, and with a recovery percentage rate around 100%.