Dopamine-modified TiO2 monolith-assisted LDI MS imaging for simultaneous localization of small metabolites and lipids in mouse brain tissue with enhanced detection selectivity and sensitivity

Abstract

Localization of metabolites using multiplexed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides important chemical information for biological research. In contrast to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), TiO₂-assisted laser desorption/ionization (LDI) for MSI improves detection of low molecular mass metabolites (<500 Da) by reducing matrix background. However, the low UV absorption of TiO₂ nanoparticles and their ester hydrolysis catalytic activity hinder the detection of phospholipids and many low-abundance molecules. To address these challenges, we evaluated and optimized the material morphology and composition of TiO₂. Dopamine (DA) was found to be an efficient ligand for TiO₂, resulting in increased UV light absorption, higher surface pH, and formation of monolithic TiO₂-DA structures. The sub-micron scale and higher surface pH of the TiO₂ particle sizes led to improved detection of phospholipid signals. Compared to unmodified TiO₂ sub-micron particles, the DA-modified TiO₂ monolith led to 10- to 30-fold increases in the signal-to-noise ratios of a number of compound peaks. The TiO₂-DA monolith-assisted LDI MSI approach has higher selectivity and sensitivity for Lewis basic compounds, such as fatty acids, cholesterols, ceramides, diacylglycerols, and phosphatidylethanolamine, when analyzed in positive mode, than traditional MALDI MS. Using this new method, over 100 molecules, including amino acids, alkaloids, free fatty acids, peptides, and lipids, were localized in mouse brain sections. By comparing the presence and localization of those molecules in young and old mouse brains, the approach demonstrated good performance in the determination of aging-related neurochemical changes in the brain.