Hierarchically 3D porous films electrochemically constructed on gas–liquid–solid three-phase interface for energy application

Abstract

Hierarchically porous films as catalysts or supports are fascinating electrode materials for the electrochemical conversion and storage of energy due to the short transportation paths of electrons and ions. A novel and feasible method to construct 3D porous films is developed by direct electrodeposition on a gas–liquid–solid (GLS) three-phase interface. The formation mechanism of the porous structure is discussed based on bubble behavior and electrocrystallization. The progress toward the preparation of porous metals/alloys on cathodes and metal oxides/polymers on anodes is reviewed. The surface decoration of porous metal films by noble metals or non-metal compounds is summarized. The promising energy applications of porous films are highlighted.