Fe3O4-decorated graphene assembled porous carbon nanocomposite for ammonia sensing: study using an optical fiber Fabry–Perot interferometer

Abstract

A porous graphene-coated optical fiber Fabry–Perot interferometer (G-FPI) and Fe₃O₄-graphene nanocomposite coated Fabry–Perot interferometer (FG-FPI) have been investigated and compared for the detection of ammonia gas at room temperature. The sensor probes were subjected to ammonia concentrations varying from 1.5 ppm to 150 ppm. An increased sensitivity was observed for FG-FPI (36 pm ppm⁻¹) when compared with that of G-FPI (25 pm ppm⁻¹). The observed sensor detection limits for FG-FPI and G-FPI were around 7 and 10 ppb, respectively. The sensing mechanism was based on the change in refractive index/dielectric constant of the material; which changed the conductivity of coated material in presence of NH₃. It was observed that the modified refractive index induced a wavelength shift in the FPI. The highly porous structure of graphene and the uniform dispersion of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles into this framework effectively facilitated the target gas diffusion and hence improved the sensing performance. The sensing was correlated to the oxygen vacancies on the Fe₃O₄ surfaces and the depletion region manipulations with the ammonia interactions along with Schottky-type electron conductivity via the conducting graphene assembled porous carbon framework. The mathematical evaluation of the phenomenon also justified the excellent repeatability and reversibility of this sensitive, room temperature sensor.