Ultrafast dye regeneration in a core–shell NiO–dye–TiO2 mesoporous film

Abstract

In this study, a core–shell NiO–dye–TiO₂ mesoporous film was fabricated for the first time, utilizing atomic layer deposition technique and a newly designed triphenylamine dye. The structure of the film was confirmed by SEM, TEM, and EDX. Excitation of the dye led to efficient and fast charge separation, by hole injection into NiO, followed by an unprecedentedly fast dye regeneration (t_1/2 ≤ 500 fs) by electron transfer to TiO₂. The resulting charge separated state showed a pronounced transient absorption spectrum caused by the Stark effect, and no significant decay was found within 1.9 ns. This indicates that charge recombination between NiO and TiO₂ is much slower than that between the NiO and the reduced dye in the absence of the TiO₂ layer (t_1/2 ≈ 100 ps).