Theoretical and experimental studies of the influence of gold ions and DMH on cyanide-free gold electrodeposition

Abstract

Quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were employed to determine an appropriate gold source for gold electroplating and to ascertain the stable structures of gold-complexes in cyanide-free electrolyte. Based on the charge distribution of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMH) and the bonding energy of gold complexes, Au³⁺ is the appropriate gold source for DMH-based gold electroplating electrolyte to get greater cathodic polarization and [Au(DMH)₄]⁻ with 2N(4)–Au coordination structure is the most stable form of gold ion in the electrolyte. The influence of DMH, used as the complexing agent, on electrochemical behaviors was investigated using cathodic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry measurements. With DMH as the complexing agent, the cathodic polarization of gold electrodeposition was significantly enhanced. DMH concentration was determined as 0.30 mol L⁻¹ based on the investigation of the influence of the DMH concentration on cathodic polarization and gold electrodeposit micromorphology. The kinetic features based on cyclic voltammogram measurements revealed that the electrodeposition was an irreversible process under diffusion control with 0.30 mol L⁻¹ DMH as the complexing agent. The ion and electron transfers were obviously inhibited by DMH. The gold electrodeposition process displayed progressive nucleation according to the Scharifker and Hills nucleation model with various applied potentials. The growth rate of the crystal nucleus was reduced by DMH and promoted by a negative shift of E_ap.