Issue 20, 2018, Issue in Progress

Highly efficient heavy-metal extraction from water with carboxylated graphene nanoflakes

Abstract

Heavy metals such a lead or cadmium have a wide range of detrimental and devastating effects on human health. It is therefore of paramount importance to efficiently remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater streams as well as drinking water. Carbon materials, including graphene and graphene oxide (GO), have recently been advocated as efficient sorption materials for heavy metals. We show that highly carboxylated graphene nanoflakes (cx-GNF) outperform nano-graphene oxide (nGO) as well as traditional GO with respect to extracting Fe2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ cations from water. The sorption capacity for Pb2+, for example, is more than six times greater for the cx-GNF compared to GO which is attributed to the efficient formation of lead carboxylates as well as strong cation–π interactions. The large numbers of carboxylic acid groups as well as the intact graphenic regions of the cx-GNF are therefore responsible for the strong binding of the heavy metal cations. Remarkably, the performance of the as-made cx-GNF can easily compete with previously reported carbon materials that have undergone additional chemical-functionalisation procedures for the purpose of heavy-metal extraction. Furthermore, the recyclability of the cx-GNF material with respect to Pb2+ loading is demonstrated as well as the outstanding performance for Pb2+ extraction in the presence of excess Ca2+ or Mg2+ cations which are often present under environmental conditions. Out of all the graphene materials, the cx-GNF therefore show the greatest potential for future application in heavy-metal extraction processes.

Graphical abstract: Highly efficient heavy-metal extraction from water with carboxylated graphene nanoflakes

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
26 Jan 2018
Accepted
13 Mar 2018
First published
20 Mar 2018
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

RSC Adv., 2018,8, 11043-11050

Highly efficient heavy-metal extraction from water with carboxylated graphene nanoflakes

M. Rosillo-Lopez and C. G. Salzmann, RSC Adv., 2018, 8, 11043 DOI: 10.1039/C8RA00823J

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. You can use material from this article in other publications without requesting further permissions from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements