A highly crystalline bismuth superstructure for ultrastable and high-performance flexible aqueous nickel–bismuth batteries

Abstract

This work constitutes a facile and realizable electrochemical approach to prepare a three-dimensional (3D) highly crystalline Bi superstructure as a high-performance anode for aqueous nickel–bismuth batteries. An ultrastable flexible aqueous Ni//Bi battery with a maximum energy density of 11.1 mW h cm⁻³ and exceptional durability is demonstrated by using the Bi superstructure as the anode and a NiO electrode as the cathode.