An excellent full sodium-ion capacitor derived from a single Ti-based metal–organic framework

Abstract

Hybrid ion capacitors, especially sodium ion capacitors (SICs), have recently attracted enormous attention due to their combined merits of high energy density from the battery-type anode and high power density from the capacitor-type cathode. However, achieving high-performance SICs to overcome the sluggish kinetic energy storage feature and inferior cycling stability of the battery-type anode remains a challenge. In this work, N-doped porous carbon embedded with ultrasmall titanium oxynitride nanoparticles (TiO_xN_y/C) was developed from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). As the SIC anode, the as-designed TiO_xN_y/C exhibited a high reversible capacity (275 mA h g⁻¹ at 50 mA g⁻¹), ultrahigh rate capability, and superior cycling performance, which is attributed to the effective synergy between the ultrasmall TiO_xN_y nanoparticles and N-doped porous carbon. Furthermore, using a “two-for-one” strategy, N-doped hierarchical porous carbon (NHPC) with high surface area was prepared from TiO_xN_y/C by HF etching and displayed high specific capacity and rate capability when used as a SIC cathode. Considering the excellent electrochemical performances of both the anode and cathode, the as-assembled TiO_xN_y/C//NHPC SIC delivered a high energy density (80 W h kg⁻¹) and high power density (4000 W kg⁻¹).