A near-infrared Nile red fluorescent probe for the discrimination of biothiols by dual-channel response and its bioimaging applications in living cells and animals

Abstract

Biothiols, including cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), glutathione (GSH) and H₂S, play important roles in human physiological processes. However, it is a great difficulty to distinguish biothiols from each other because of their similar chemical properties. Based on Nile red, we have designed and synthesized a near-infrared fluorescent probe for discriminating Cys/Hcy from GSH/H₂S by a dual-channel detection method. Using an ether bond, near-infrared Nile red was attached to 7-nitrobenzofurazan to construct the probe. Due to the photo-induced electron transfer, the probe showed almost no fluorescence from the green to red emission band. But upon the addition of Cys (0–150 μM) or Hcy (0–200 μM), the probe exhibited a noteworthy fluorescence “turn-on” signal in two unique emission bands (Green and Red) with a fast response (within 30 min). In contrast, the probe displayed an increase in fluorescence only in the red channel when encountering GSH (0–70 μM) or H₂S (0–50 μM), and GSH/H₂S could be tested respectively by different response time. The limit of detection was calculated to be 0.09 μM (Cys), 0.30 μM (Hcy), 0.24 μM (GSH), and 0.04 μM (H₂S), respectively (based on S/N = 3). The desirable dual-channel detection could be achieved in serum samples and living cells. Moreover, the probe could be applied for bioimaging in mice, which indicated its potential application in the clinic.