Designing redder and brighter fluorophores by synergistic tuning of ground and excited states†
Cheng
Chen, 
a
Mikhail S.
Baranov,
bc
Liangdong
Zhu,
a
Ilia V.
Yampolsky,
bc
Kyril M.
Solntsev
de
and
Chong
Fang
*a
a
Mikhail S.
Baranov,
bc
Liangdong
Zhu,
a
Ilia V.
Yampolsky,
bc
Kyril M.
Solntsev
de
and
Chong
Fang
*a
Abstract
We strategically modified the GFP core via chemical synthesis to make redder and brighter biomimetic fluorophores. Based on quantum calculations, solvatochromism analysis, and femtosecond Raman, we unveiled the additive effect of tuning the electronic ground and excited states, respectively, to achieve a dramatic emission redshift with a “double-donor–one-acceptor” structure.
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