Growth of graphene with large single-crystal domains by Ni foam-assisted structure and its high-gain field-effect transistors

Abstract

High-quality graphene materials and high-performance graphene transistors have attracted much attention in recent years. To obtain high-performance graphene transistors, large single-crystal graphene is needed. The synthesis of large-domain-sized single-crystal graphene requires low nucleation density; this can lead to a lower growth rate. In this study, a Ni-foam assisted structure was developed to control the nucleation density and growth rate of graphene by tuning the flow dynamics. Lower nucleation density and high growth rate (∼50 μm min⁻¹) were achieved with a 4 mm-gap Ni foam. With the graphene transistor fabrication process, a pre-deposited Au film as the protective layer was used during the graphene transfer. Graphene transistors showed good current saturation with drain differential conductance as low as 0.04 S mm⁻¹ in the strong saturation region. For the devices with gate length of 2 μm, the intrinsic cut-off frequency f_T and maximum oscillation frequency f_max were 8.4 and 16.3 GHz, respectively, with f_max/f_T = 1.9 and power gain of up to 6.4 dB at 1 GHz. The electron velocity saturation induced by the surface optical phonons of SiO₂ substrates was analyzed. Electron velocity saturation and ultra-thin Al₂O₃ gate dielectrics were thought to be the reasons for the good current saturation and high power gain of the graphene transistors.