Issue 3, 2019

Production of green biofuel by using a goat manure supported Ni–Al hydrotalcite catalysed deoxygenation process

Abstract

The high oxygen content in natural biomass resources, such as vegetable oil or biomass-pyrolysed bio oil, is the main constraint in their implementation as a full-scale biofuel for the automotive industry. In the present study, renewable fuel with petrodiesel-like properties was produced via catalytic deoxygenation of oleic acid in the absence of hydrogen (H2). The deoxygenation pathway of oleic acid to bio-hydrocarbon involves decarboxylation/decarbonylation of the oxygen content from the fatty acid structure in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2)/carbon monoxide (CO), with the presence of a goat manure supported Ni–Al hydrotalcite (Gm/Ni–Al) catalyst. Goat manure is an abundant bio-waste, containing a high mineral content, urea as well as cellulosic fiber of plants, which is potentially converted into activated carbon. Synthesis of Gm/Ni–Al was carried out by incorporation of pre-activated goat manure (GmA) during co-precipitation of Ni–Al catalyst with 1 : 3, 1 : 1 and 3 : 1 ratios. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area, field emission surface electron microscopy (FESEM) and temperature program desorption ammonia (TPD-NH3) analysers. The catalytic deoxygenation reaction was performed in a batch reactor and the product obtained was characterized by using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) for compound composition identification as well as gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) for yield and selectivity determination. The optimization and evaluation were executed using response surface methodology (RSM) in conjunction with central composite design (CCD) with 5-level-3-factors. From the RSM reaction model, it was found that the Gm/Ni–Al 1 : 1 catalysed deoxygenation reaction gives the optimum product yield of 97.9% of hydrocarbon in the range of C8–C20, with diesel selectivity (C17: heptadecane and heptadecene compounds) of 63.7% at the optimal reaction conditions of: (1) reaction temperature: 327.14 °C, (2) reaction time: 1 h, and (3) catalyst amount: 5 wt%.

Graphical abstract: Production of green biofuel by using a goat manure supported Ni–Al hydrotalcite catalysed deoxygenation process

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
20 Sep 2018
Accepted
16 Dec 2018
First published
11 Jan 2019
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

RSC Adv., 2019,9, 1642-1652

Production of green biofuel by using a goat manure supported Ni–Al hydrotalcite catalysed deoxygenation process

S. N. Zdainal Abidin, H. V. Lee, J. C. Juan, N. A. Rahman and Y. H. Taufiq-Yap, RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 1642 DOI: 10.1039/C8RA07818A

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