Simple, selective detection and efficient removal of toxic lead and silver metal ions using Acid Red 94

Abstract

Toward the goal of detecting toxic elements and removing them from drinking water, we report herein the utilization of Acid Red 94 (AR94) in sensing the hazardous metal ions in water. Among the various examined metal ions (Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, K⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, La³⁺, Hg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, and Ni²⁺), the UV-visible absorption spectra showed high selectivity and sensitivity for toxic silver and lead metal ions in an aqueous solution. The observed absorption spectral changes and the rapid color changes confirm complex formation between AR94 and both Ag⁺ and Pb²⁺ metal ions. The emission measurements showed the significant fluorescence quenching of the singlet excited state of AR94 in the presence of Ag⁺ and Pb²⁺ metal ions suggesting the formation of an irradiative dye–metal complex under the prevailing experimental conditions. In order to remove the accumulated complexes of AR94 with silver metal ions, safe and harmless mesoporous titanium dioxide was utilized efficiently in removing the complexes with adsorption capacities of 91% at 30 minutes. These findings suggest a simple, fast and efficient method for both detecting silver in water, and removing the formed AR94–metal complexes in water. In addition, AR94 is shown to be a good sensor for the presence of Ag and Pb nanoparticles, NPs, in aqueous solution. The absorption and emission spectra of AR94 showed significant changes that may be rationalized by the strong electromagnetic coupling induced by NPs plasmonic effects. These findings render AR94 a sensitive and selective sensor and a visual indicator for the qualitative and quantitative detection of silver ions, lead ions and their nanoparticles.