A cellulose/β-cyclodextrin nanofiber patch as a wearable epidermal glucose sensor

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to develop a cellulose/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) electrospun immobilized GOx enzyme patch with reverse iontophoresis for noninvasive monitoring of interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose levels (0.1–0.6 mM dm⁻³). In vitro analysis, performed using a sensor attached to flexible substrates, revealed that the high diffusion coefficient (9.0 × 10⁻⁵ cm² s⁻¹), the linear correlation coefficient (R² = 0.998), the detection limit (9.35 × 10⁻⁵ M), and the linear range sensitivity (0–1 mM) of the sensor (5.08 μA mM⁻¹) remained unaffected by the presence of interfering substances (e.g., fructose, sucrose, uric acid, and acetaminophen) at physiological levels. The present results indicate that the new epidermal sensing strategy using nanofibers for continuous glucose monitoring has potential to be applied in diagnosis of diabetes.