Reversible conversion reaction of GeO2 boosts lithium-ion storage via Fe doping

Abstract

In the present study, for the first time, hierarchically structural microflowers composed of Fe-doped GeO₂ nanosheets have been synthesized via a facile solvothermal route. It has been found that Fe³⁺ was not only a structure-directing agent, facilitating the formation of hierarchical structure by a self-assembly process, but also used for in situ doping of GeO₂. As a result, an anode with a hierarchical structure shortened the diffusion distance of Li⁺ and hierarchically buffer volume expansion. Simultaneously, Fe-GeO₂ with oxygen vacancies and narrower bandgaps could provide more active sites for Li insertion and improve the electrical conductivity, respectively. Consequently, Fe-doped GeO₂ delivered an ultra-long cycling stability of 866 mA h g⁻¹ even after 1000 cycles at a current density as high as 1 A g⁻¹. It is unexpectedly found that Fe also played a role of catalyst for reversible utilization of partial Li₂O.