Molecule-gated surface chemistry of Pt nanoparticles for constructing activity-controllable nanozymes and a three-in-one sensor

Abstract

Herein, a simple strategy for constructing activity-controllable nanozymes is proposed based on the glutathione (GSH)-gated surface chemistry of citrate-capped Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs). PtNPs have been shown to have oxidase-like activity that can effectively catalyze the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tertamethylbenzidine (TMB) by O₂, resulting in a typical color reaction from colorless to blue. We found that GSH can inhibit the oxidase-like activity of PtNPs as a molecule-gated surface chemistry element, resulting in a dramatic decrease of the oxidation of TMB. The addition of copper ions (Cu²⁺) could oxidize GSH into glutathione disulfide (GSSG), resulting in the distinct suppression of GSH-modulated PtNP surface chemistry and oxidase-like activity inhibition, which further results in a significant acceleration of TMB oxidation and the obvious recovery of intense blue color. Furthermore, the color-based detection signal associated with the redox of TMB indicator here was found to show good fluorescence and a photothermal effect and exhibit sensitive and selective response toward the proposed molecule-gated surface chemistry and Cu²⁺ target. On the basis of this phenomenon, we successfully constructed a three-in-one sensor for Cu²⁺ with a triple signal readout, colorimetric, photothermal (temperature), and fluorescence, depending on the proposed in situ modulation method for PtNP catalysis. The applicability of the three-in-one sensor was also demonstrated by measuring Cu²⁺ in human serum with a standard addition method, and the results are of satisfactory accuracy as confirmed by ICP-MS measurements.