A fish scale-like magnetic nanomaterial as a highly efficient sorbent for monitoring the changes in auxin levels under cadmium stress

Abstract

Sorbents with high surface utilization and good dispersibility are of great importance for the extraction performance of magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). In this study, a fish scale-like magnetic nanomaterial (Co@Co₃O₄/OCN) was synthesized, which can be used as a highly efficient MSPE sorbent due to its strong magnetism, special morphology, doping of N element, numerous micro–mesopore cavities and organic functional groups (hydroxyl and carboxyl). Furthermore, a Co@Co₃O₄/OCN-based MSPE method for monitoring the changes in the levels of three auxins (indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-propionic acid and 3-indole butyric acid) was successfully established. Wide linear ranges (1.0–1000.0 pg mL⁻¹) with good correlation coefficients (R > 0.9992), low limits of detection (LODs, 0.2–4.0 pg mL⁻¹) and satisfactory repeatability (RSD ≤5.9%, n = 3) were obtained. Using the developed method, various growth parts and different growth periods of plants under Cd stress were monitored. The results showed that auxins in various parts of plants showed differential response under Cd stress, and there was a threshold for the changes in auxin levels against Cd stress. This indicates that the developed fish scale-like Co@Co₃O₄/OCN nanomaterial has a good application prospect for enriching small molecular targets containing hydroxyl and carboxyl groups.